The Ukraine war is a tragedy of tragedies, catastrophic for the Ukrainian people, a disaster for the global economy and a real setback for global peace and stability. The emotional fog of war is such that most commentary is about who wins, who loses and who is right or wrong. The inconvenient truth is that perhaps we (humanity and the planet) will all lose, with little upside unless we start de-escalating everything.
The war has swept aside concerns about the pandemic, with intense focus on how to defeat the enemy. The speed and ferocity of the war caught almost everyone by surprise, so we have few clear-headed assessments of comprehensive short and long-term implications on the global economy, finance, trade and development. Those who care about climate warming, as I do, would like to think through what the war means for the fragile agreement on climate action decided in Glasgow COP26 last November.
In the 1980s, the American futurist Buckminster Fuller pictured Spaceship Earth following an existential critical path between nuclear war and climate burning. Since then, the world witnessed the end of the Cold War, after which the peace dividend enabled nearly three decades of relative peace when we grew increasingly aware that we must address climate warming as an existential threat. Unfortunately, with the return of Great Power conflict in 2014 and the eruption of the Ukraine war this year, the world’s attention will be diverted from climate change towards preparing for war.
Make no mistake – there is a direct connection between military spending and carbon emission. In 2020, the world’s total military expenditure was $2 trillion. In 2021, estimated NATO military expenditure was $1.2 trillion, which rose by 24.9% since 2014. The US accounted for 24% of total NATO military spending or an estimated $811 billion. The Brown University Watson School of International & Public Affairs estimated that the US Department of Defense is “the world’s largest institutional user of petroleum and correspondingly, the single largest institutional producer of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world.” “In 2017, for example, the Pentagon’s total greenhouse gas emissions (installations and operations) were greater than the greenhouse gas emissions of entire industrialized countries, such as Sweden, Denmark and Portugal”.
In short, increased defence expenditure will accelerate energy and non-renewable material consumption, absorb best talents in war efforts, increase carbon emissions, thus diverting scarce resources away from climate action.
How urgent is the climate disaster? The UN Secretary General called 2021 the “make it or break it year” for global climate action. He quoted scientists to say the world must cut global emissions by 45 per cent by 2030, compared with 2010 levels to avoid the most catastrophic impacts of climate change.
Instead, for 2022 alone, the UN has estimated that it will need $1.7 billion to support and provide essential supplies and services for people in Ukraine, including an anticipated 4 million Ukrainian refugees.
The scale of new natural disasters related to climate warming is frightening. According to Nature magazine, the US 2000-2021 drought may be the worst since 1500 AD mega-drought. We are witnessing bushfires in California and Australia, flash floods in India and Indonesia, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes that are unprecedented in scale and intensity.
On top of all this, Russia accounted for 10% of world oil supply gas output and 26% of world wheat production. The price of oil has risen to just under $139 per barrel, and wheat, grain and palm oil prices are at record highs. Countries that were hoping to cut fuel subsidies will now have to cushion the energy shocks, whilst at the same time cope with higher defense expenditure and increasing social spending to alleviate rising poverty already worsened by the pandemic. All these in the midst of the surge in inflation and slowing global trade, disrupted by supply chain chokepoints and war.
In 2021, the World Scientists’ Warnings into Action, Local to Global, signalled a global Climate Emergency in energy, atmospheric pollutants, nature, food, population and economy. They urged “accelerate(d) collaborative actions across scales, in different cultures and governance systems, while maintaining adequate social, economic and political stability”. Unfortunately, war has torpedoed collaborative efforts because political stability is being disrupted.
We need to be realistic that the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are very high-level goals requiring detailed design, implementation and action on hundreds of thousands of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) projects and programmes at the local levels.
Most emerging markets lack the talent, funding and capacity to implement these effectively.
It is easy to call for a ‘Global Marshall Plan’ for civilization, but with war, it is likely that Europe will prioritize a Marshall plan for restoration of the Ukrainian economy first. Who will fund the Climate Action by developing countries in Africa and developing Asia and Latin America?
Like all crises, war has divided the world into those who are rich and protected, and those who are poor, vulnerable and insecure. This is no longer a zero-sum game, but a vicious downward spiral of conflict, failing governance and climate-driven natural disasters.
Before the war gets too hot, we need cool heads and warm hearts to reflect why we need de-escalation for peace and existential survival of all humanity.
Contributed by
Andrew Sheng,
ANN